Corn is best planted in blocks rather than rows as you will get a better pollination. So i'd go with the short 5' rows.
plant as many as you like. You can freeze excess fruit. It works pretty well to have your cucumber/zuchinni gherkins etc planted at the edge of the corn, they are good companion
plants. Put them along the northern edge of the corn so they receive sunlight. Depending on which way the bed faces, you need to have enough distance between the tomatoes and the corn for them to not shade each other too much.
I grew beans up my corn, using the stalks as the trellis. It worked OK. The corn prevented a lot of the light getting down to the beans but i did get a decent feed. Also the beans, being a legume, helped to feed the corn.
plant your peas about a week or maybe 2 after the corn, so the corn is strong enough to support the climbing peas.